Kalman filtering
• Problem: assign observer poles in an optimal way, that is to minimize the state estimation error
• Information comes in two ways: from sensors measurements (a posteriori) and from the model of the system (a priori)
• We need to mix the two information sources optimally, given a probabilistic description of their reliability (sensor precision, model accuracy)
• The Kalman filter solves this problem, and is now the most used state observer in most engineering fields (and beyond)
What does a Kalman Filter do, anyway?
• Given the linear dynamical system:
The Kalman Filter is a recursion that provides the “best” estimate of the state vector x
Covariance?
What’s so great about that?
• noise smoothing (improve noisy measurements)
• state estimation (for state feedback)
• recursive (computes next estimate using only most recent measurement)
How does it work?
1. prediction based on last estimate:
• 2. calculate correction based on prediction and current measurement:
• 3. update prediction:
Kalman filter • Kalman filter assumes a linear transition and observation model
• zero mean Gaussian noise
• Mean of the posterior state is given by Atxt-1+Btut and the covariance Rt
• Measurement probability
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